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History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications
from the first submarine cable of 1850 to the worldwide fiber optic network

Atlantic Cables: 1856-2012
by Bill Glover

This page shows Atlantic cables and their connecting systems, extracted from the main Cable Timeline.
Click on the Route links to see cable samples, the Company or Operator links for full descriptions, the ship name links to see descriptions or images.
Please note that Timeline entries within each year are not necessarily chronological, as the exact date of laying is generally not known.
WFS = Withdrawn From Service
Year Route Manufacturer Owner or Operator Cable Ships Notes Bandwidth
1856 Cape Ray Newfoundland - Cape North:Cape Breton Island Gutta Percha Co supplied the core: R. S. Kuper, Glass & Co New York Newfoundland and London Telegraph Co Propontis System 85 nm. CABLE: 7 copper wires No 22 BWG covered with gutta percha to No 1 BWG and 12 iron wires No 9 BWG. Laid on 10 July taking 15 hours to complete.
This and the following cable were the first components of Cyrus Field's proposed Atlantic route. 		 
1856 Prince Edward Island - New Brunswick Gutta Percha Co supplied the core: R. S. Kuper, Glass & Co New York Newfoundland and London Telegraph Co Propontis System 12 nm. CABLE: 7 copper wires No 22 BWG covered with gutta percha to No 1 BWG and 12 iron wires No 9 BWG.  
1857 Valentia, Ireland - Bay Bull Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland See also this article Gutta Percha Co supplied the core for the 1857 and 1858 expeditions. - Glass Elliot & Co - 1250 nm for 1857 attempt and a further 900 nm for the 1858 attempt. R.S. Newall & Co 1250 nm for 1857 cable. New York Newfoundland and London Telegraph Co HMS Agamemnon - USS Niagara - Willing Mind laid Valentia shore end. HMS Agamemnon loaned by Royal Navy to lay cable manufactured by Glass Elliot & Co. USS Niagara loaned by the US navy to lay cable manufactured by R.S. Newall & Co. Expedition failed. 385 nm of cable laid. Leipsig recovered 39 nm of cable.  
1858 Valentia, Ireland - Bay Bull Arm, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland See also this article Glass Elliot & Co 900 nm in addition to that left from the 1857 expedition. Total carried on this expedition 3000 nm. 100 nm was brought back to England; the remainder was used in the earlier attempts which took place in 1858. Atlantic Telegraph Co HMS Agamemnon - USS Niagara - Industry recovered 40 nm of cable at Newfoundland. System 2200 nm. CABLE: 7 strands of copper wire, six wrapped around the seventh, No 22 BWG covered with three coats of gutta percha to No 4 BWG. This was wrapped in jute yarn soaked with a composition consisting of 5/12 Stockholm tar, 5/12 pitch, 1/12 boiled linseed oil and 1/12 common bees wax. Armouring consisted of 18 strands each strand composed of 7 of the best charcoal iron wires, six wrapped around the seventh, each of 22 BWG. The completed cable as it left the machine was dipped in a heated composition consisting of tar, pitch and linseed oil. The cable worked with variable results for three weeks, the last complete message being received on September 1st 1858. Attempts to revive the cable continued, and fragments of messages were received, but the last signs of life were on October 28th 1858. The cable was abandoned less than three months after its inception.  
1865 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland W.T. Henley Telegraph Works manufactured the Irish shore end of 27 nm. Telcon manufactured the main cable 2300 nm. Atlantic Telegraph Co Great Eastern - Caroline - Medway - Albany - Hawk System 1896 nm. Cable lost about 600 nm from Newfoundland. Caroline laid Valentia shore ends. After the successful laying of the 1866 cable, Great Eastern picked up the end of the 1865 cable and completed the run. See below.
The 1865 cable was abandoned in 1877. 		 
1866 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland Telcon Anglo-American Telegraph Co Great Eastern - William Cory - Albany - Medway System 1852 nm. After laying this cable, Great Eastern recovered the lost 1865 cable and completed it
The 1866 cable was abandoned in 1872. 		 
1866 Carleton Head, Prince Edward Island - Cape Tormantine, New Brunswick , Canada Telcon New York Newfoundland and London Telegraph Co Medway HMS Terrible acted as escort and assisted Medway during laying of this cable and the entry below. Laying completed 2 October 1866  
1866 Cape Ray, Newfoundland - Cape North, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia Telcon Anglo-American Telegraph Co Medway System 91 nm. Laid between 10 and 16 October 1866. Three circuit cable.  
1869 Brest, France - St. Pierre - Cape Cod, USA Telcon 2478 nm. - Henley's Telegraph Works 1086 nm La Société du Câble Transatlantique Française Great Eastern - Chiltern - Hawk - William Cory - Scanderia System 3333 nm. Taken over by Anglo American in 1873.  
1873 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Great Eastern This cable was originally ordered by the French Atlantic Telegraph Company just before its takeover by Anglo American. After completion, because of the shorter route, 1000 nm of cable was left and so additional cable was ordered to enable another cable to be laid, this being done in 1874.  
1873 Heart's Content - Rantem - Island Cove - Placentia, Newfoundland - St Pierre - Sydney, Nova Scotia   Anglo American Telegraph Co Robert Lowe Because of the poor state of the land line Anglo American laid a cable to Rantem. From there to Island Cove a buried land line, then continued to Sydney via Placentia and St Pierre with a submarine cable.  
1874 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Great Eastern - Minia    
1874 Rye Beach, USA - Tor Bay, Nova Scotia - Harbour Grace, Newfoundland - Ballinskelligs, Ireland Siemens Bros Direct United States Cable Co Faraday (1) - Ambassador System 3200 nm. Anglo American gained a majority shareholding in the company, but it continued to operate under its own name even when leased by Western Union. Purchased by the GPO in 1920.
In 1952 Monarch (4) undertook major repair work on this cable. It was diverted from Harbour Grace into St. Johns in 1953.		  
1879 Brest, France - St. Pierre Siemens Bros La Compagnie Française du Télégraphe de Paris à New York Faraday (1) System 2242 nm.  
1879 St Pierre - Cape Cod, USA Siemens Bros La Compagnie Française du Télégraphe de Paris à New York Faraday (1) System 827 nm.  
1879 St Pierre - Cape Breton Island Siemens Bros La Compagnie Française du Télégraphe de Paris à New York Faraday (1) System 188 nm.  
1880 Brest, France - Cornwall, England Siemens Bros La Compagnie Française du Télégraphe de Paris à New York Faraday (1) System 151 nm.  
1880 North Sydney - St Pierre: St Pierre - Bay Roberts Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Scotia - Seine    
1880 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Scotia - Seine A near complete renewal of the 1866 cable only the shore ends were not replaced.  
1881 Canso, Nova Scotia - Whitesand Bay, Sennen Cove, England Siemens Bros American Telegraph & Cable Co Faraday (1) System 2531 nm. Extended to New York in 1889 by Faraday (1). Leased by Western Union. Diverted into Bay Roberts, Newfoundland in 1913. First submerged telegraph repeater was inserted in the cable in 1950.  
1882 Canso, Nova Scotia - Whitesand Bay, Sennen Cove, England Siemens Bros American Telegraph & Cable Co Faraday (1) System 2531 nm. Extended to New York in 1889 by Faraday (1). Leased by Western Union. Diverted into Bay Roberts, Newfoundland in 1915.  
1884 Dover Bay, Nova Scotia - Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare: Waterville, Ireland - Le Havre, France Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) System 6500 nm. Two cables were laid between Canada and Ireland. One was linked to the UK the other to France. (See 1885 entries). In 1909 CS Mackay Bennett diverted one cable into Cuckold's Cove, near St Johns, Newfoundland; the work was completed on 14 July. In 1910 the second cable was diverted to the same place also by Mackay Bennett.  
1884 Dover Bay, Nova Scotia - Duxbury, Mass: Dover Bay - Far Rockaway, Long Island Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) See above  
1885 Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare, England Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) 330 nm  
1885 Waterville, Ireland - Le Havre, France Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) 514 nm  
1894 Dover Bay, Nova Scotia - Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare, England - Le Havre France Siemens Bros. Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) System 2161 nm.
In 1926 this cable and the 1905 cable were diverted into Quidi Vidi Harbour by CS John W. Mackay.		  
1894 Valentia, Ireland - Heart's Content, Newfoundland Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Scotia - Britannia (2)    
1897 Brest, France - Cape Cod, USA La Société Générale des Téléphones La Compagnie Française des Câbles Télégraphiques François Arago System 3173 nm.  
1898 Cape Cod - New York La Société Générale des Téléphones La Compagnie Française des Câbles Télégraphiques François Arago System 324 nm.  
1900 Greetsiel - Borkum, Germany - Fayal, Azores Felten & Guilleaume supplied the conductor and armouring wires. - Telcon made and laid the cable German Atlantic Telegraph Co Anglia - Britannia (2) Diverted into Porthcurno in 1917 by Colonia. Operated by the GPO until 1929 then by Cable & Wireless.  
1900 Fayal, Azores - New York, USA Felten & Guilleaume supplied the conductor and armouring wires. - Telcon made and laid the cable German Atlantic Telegraph Co Anglia - Britannia (2) Diverted into Brest in 1917. Operated by the French PTT  
1900 Nova Scotia - Horta, Azores Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) System 1698 nm.  
1900 Nova Scotia - New York Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Silvertown    
1901 Azores - Waterville, Ireland Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (1) System 1204 nm.  
1901 Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare, England Telcon Commercial Cable Co Anglia    
1901 Nova Scotia - St Pierre - Bay Roberts Telcon Commercial Cable Co Scotia - Anglia    
1903 Greetsiel - Borkum - Azores Norddeutsche Seekablewerke German Submarine Telegraph Co Stephan - Von Podbielski Diverted into Brest in 1917 for use by the French PTT.  
1904 Azores - New York Norddeutsche Seekablewerke German Submarine Telegraph Co Stephan - Von Podbielski Diverted into Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1917 by Colonia. Operated by the GPO until 1929 then by Cable & Wireless.  
1905 Canso, Nova Scotia - Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare, England Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia - Anglia - Cambria - Mackay Bennett Colonia laid the Canadian end of the cable, and during the laying ran aground on Fox Island off Nova Scotia. To enable Colonia to be floated off, the cable was transferred to the Mackay Bennet. Colonia then sailed to Halifax for repairs. Anglia laid the eastern end. In 1926 this cable and the 1894 cable were diverted into Quidi Vidi Harbour by CS John W. Mackay  
1909 St. John's, Newfoundland - New York Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia Provided a direct link to New York for the 1884 cable diverted in 1909  
1910 St. John's, Newfoundland - New York Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia Provided a direct link to New York for the 1884 cable diverted in 1910  
1910 Waterville, Ireland - Weston super Mare, England ? Commercial Cable Co ?    
1910 Bay Roberts, Newfoundland - Sennen Cove, Cornwall, England Telcon Anglo American Telegraph Co Colonia - Telconia In 1927 Western Union diverted this cable into Le Havre after the GPO refused them a licence to lay a direct link Sennen Cove to Le Havre  
1915 North Sydney, Cape Breton Island - Colinet, Newfoundland ? American Telegraph & Cable Co   Connected with the 1881-2 cables diverted into Bay Roberts in 1913, 1915. Leased by Western Union  
1921 Island Cove, Newfoundland - North Sydney, Cape Breton Island - Canso, Nova Scotia ? American Telegraph & Cable Co ? A further link for the 1881-2 cables. The extension to Canso was made in 1922. Western Union leased the cable.  
1923 Valentia, Ireland - Whitesands Bay, Sennen Cove, England Telcon Western Union Telegraph Co Stephan - T. W. Stuart T.W. Stuart laid the UK shore ends  
1923 New York - Canso, Nova Scotia  Siemens Bros Commercial Cable Co Faraday (2) System 1000 nm.  
1923 Canso, Nova Scotia - Horta, Azores Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia    
1923 Horta, Azores - Waterville, Ireland Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia - T. W. Stuart T.W. Stuart laid the UK shore ends  
1923 Waterville - Le Havre, France Telcon Commercial Cable Co Colonia - T. W. Stuart T.W. Stuart laid the UK shore ends  
1924 Rockaway Beach, New York - Horta, Azores Telcon Western Union Telegraph Co Colonia, Robert C. Clowry System 2360 nm. Continuously loaded cable using permalloy. Cable landed at Rockaway Beach 20 September 1924.
Connection extended to Rome via the following two cables.		  
1924 Anzio - Malaga: Malaga - Las Palmas Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke Italcable  Citta di Milano (2) System 1005 + 870 nm. Anzio - Malaga continuously loaded cable using permalloy  
1924 Malaga, Spain - Horta, Azores Telcon Italcable Colonia System 1337 nm. Continuously loaded cable using permalloy  
1926 Borkum - Fayal, Azores Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke German Atlantic Telegraph Co Neptun (1) Continuously loaded cable. Diverted into Cherbourg in 1944 for use by US Forces in Europe.  
1926 Sennen Cove, Cornwall, England - Bay Roberts, Newfoundland - New York, USA Telcon Western Union Telegraph Co Colonia System 3410 nm. Continuously loaded cable.  
1928 Bay Roberts - Horta Telcon Western Union Telegraph Co Colonia Continuously loaded cable  
1929 Borkum - Vigo Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke German Atlantic Telegraph Co Norderney    
1955 TAT 1: Clarenville, Newfoundland - Oban, Scotland Submarine Cables Ltd 3534 nm - Simplex Wire & Cable Co 350 nm of shore ends - Southern United Telephone Co 80 nm landline. Western Electric supplied the repeaters. Includes entry below AT&T owned 50%; GPO 41% and COTC 9%

Monarch (4)

Clyde puffer Glenaray laid Oban shore ends.

 System 1942 nm with 51 one way repeaters. 48 telephone circuits
1956 TAT 1: Oban, Scotland - Clarenville, Newfoundland See above GPO - AT&T - COTC Monarch (4) System 1945 nm with 51 one way repeaters.  
1956 TAT 1: Terrenceville, Newfoundland - Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia Submarine Cables Ltd., 271 nm and 16 repeater housings. Standard Telephones & Cables 16 internal repeater units GPO - AT&T - COTC Monarch (4)

System 328 nm with 16 two way shallow water repeaters (GPO design). Overland line between Clarenville and Terrenceville

Video file from the CBC Digital Archives of a January 1957 interview with Douglas Bowie of the COTC

 80 telephone circuits
1959 TAT 2: Clarenville, Newfoundland - Penmarch, France Submarine Cables Ltd 1900 nm - Simplex Wire & Cable Co 600 nm - Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke 1000 nm - Cables de Lyon 1000 nm. AT&T - French PTT - German PTT

Monarch (4) - Ocean Layer - John W. Mackay - Ampere (3)

Ocean Layer caught fire while laying its section of the cable and became a total loss.

 System 2250, 2250 nm. As TAT 1 two cables were laid. 48 circuits. WFS 1982  
1959 TAT 2: Clarenville, Newfoundland - Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia No. 2 Submarine Cables Ltd., cable and repeater housings. Repeater electronics by STC AT&T - French PTT - German PTT Monarch (4) - Ocean Layer - John W. Mackay - Ampere (3) System 338 nm with 16 GPO shallow water repeaters. WFS 1982 80 telephone circuits
1961

CANTAT A: Oban, Scotland - Hampden, Newfoundland

The complete system, comprising CANTAT A and B, is referred to as CANTAT 1 on other site pages

 Submarine Cables Ltd all cable plus 90 repeater housings. Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd 65 nm of cable laid overland, and 90 repeater internal units C&W - COTC Monarch (4) System 2072 nm. Ariel laid UK shore ends. Albert J. Myer Hampden shore ends. WFS 1986 240 + 240 kHz. 80 telephone circuits
1961 CANTAT B: Corner Brook, Newfoundland - Grosses Roches, Quebec Submarine Cables Ltd 400 nm and 20 repeaters COTC Alert (4)

System 400 nm. Hadsund laid shore ends. WFS 1986

Audio file of the inaugural telephone call from the CBC Digital Archives

240 + 240 kHz. 80 telephone circuits
1961 SCOTICE: Gairloch, Scotland - Torshavn, Faroe Islands - Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd. GPO - Great Northern Telegraph Co - Danish PTT Alert (4) - John W. Mackay System 284 + 401 nm.  
1961 ICECAN: Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland - Frederiksdal, Greenland - Hampden, Newfoundland Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke Great Northern Telegraph Co - COTC Neptun (3) - Edouard Suenson System 829 + 887 nm  
1963 TAT 3: Tuckerton, New Jersey - Widemouth Bay, England Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd cable. Western Electric repeaters AT&T - GPO Alert (4) - Long Lines System 3518 nm with 182 rigid two way repeaters. WFS 1986 414 + 414 kHz. 138 telephone circuits
1965 TAT 4: Tuckerton, New Jersey - St Hilaire de Riez, France Western Electric 1375 nm.and repeaters - Cables de Lyon 1125 nm. - Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke 1200 nm. AT&T - French PTT Long Lines - Marcel Bayard System 3600 nm., with 186 repeaters. Marcel Bayard laid the French shore ends. WFS 1987 384 + 384 kHz. 128 telephone circuits
1970 TAT 5: Green Hill, Rhode Island - Conil, Spain Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd 1220 nm. - Cables de Lyon 630 nm. - Western Electric 1620 nm., and repeaters AT&T - CTNE - CPRM - Italcable Long Lines System 3461 nm., with 361 repeaters. WFS 1993 720 x 3kHz channels
1970 MAT 1 Spain - Italy Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd AT&T - CTNE - CPRM - Italcable John W. Mackay System 990 nm., with 93 repeaters. Extension to TAT 5 640 x 3 kHz channels
1974 CANTAT 2: Beaver Harbour, Canada - Widemouth Bay, England Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd., Southampton GPO - COTC Mercury - Alert (4) Ariel - John Cabot System 2840 nm with 489 repeaters. Ariel laid UK shore ends John Cabot laid Canadian shore ends. Whilst burying the cable to the SW of Ireland the manned submersible Pisces III became stranded on the sea bed for several days. The crew were recovered safely. LOADING CABLE All dates 1973 LOAD 8, Shore end John Cabot 15-19 May; LOAD 2, Main lay Mercury 11-23 June; LOAD 7, Shore end John Cabot 25 June - 1 July; LOAD 3, Main lay Mercury 4-17 July; LOAD 4, Main lay Mercury 20 August - 1 September; LOAD 5, Main lay aboard Mercury 1-5 October; LOAD 6, Main lay Mercury 9-21 November. LAYING CABLE All dates 1973 LAY 3, Mercury 18 July - 1 August; LAY 5, Mercury 10 October - 7 November; LAY 6, Mercury 21 November - 12 December. Laying times include sailing to and from port. WFS 1992.
Canadian end was diverted to Sable Island and the cable was recommissioned as SITIFOG 2000. Abandoned after developing a fault.		 1840 x 3kHz channels
1976 TAT 6: Green Hill, Rhode Island - St Hilaire de Riez, France Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd 2400 nm. - Simplex Wire & Cable Co 95 nm. - Cables de Lyon 1200 nm. Various Long Lines System 3600 nm., with 745 repeaters. Vercors laid all shore ends. WFS 1994 12000 + 12000 kHz. 4000 channels
1983 TAT 7: Tuckerton, New Jersey - Porthcurno, England Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd 2700 nm. 2400 lightweight non armoured and 300 nm armoured cable - Câbles de Lyon 690 nm - Western Electric 677 repeaters and 24 equalisers AT&T - France Telecom - BT Alert (4) - Vercors - Long Lines - Monarch (5) System 3286 nm. 4000 voice circuits. Alert (4) carried out the route survey. Monarch (5) laid the UK shore ends. Vercors laid 110 nm armoured cable with 20 repeaters and one equaliser from previously laid US shore end and 190 nm armoured cable with 36 repeaters and one equaliser over UK shelf. Long Lines laid remaining cable in four sessions. WFS 1994 4000 x 3kHz
1988 TAT 8: Tuckerton, New Jersey - Widemouth Bay, England - Penmarch, France Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd 870 km - ALCATEL 360 km AT&T - BT - France Telecom Vercors - Long Lines - Alert (4) System 6705 km. Vercors laid French Continental shelf section 360 km of which 254 km was buried. First fibre optic Atlantic cable. In connection with this cable CS Alert carried out plough trial 1 - 11 July 1986. Alert laid the UK shore end and laid and buried the intermediate section of the cable. 40,000 voice circuits. WFS 2002 280 Mb/s
1989 PTAT 1: Manasquan, USA - Devonshire, Bermuda - Ballinspittle, Ireland - Brean, England Standard Telephones & Cables Ltd., Southampton - 4100 nm C&W - Sprint Cable Venture - Mercury System 4060 nm. Cable Protector laid USA shore ends - Forth Explorer UK shore ends - Northern, Bermuda shore ends. LOADING Load 5, Cable Venture 17 - 19 May 1989; Post lay burial of R5, Cable Protector with Cirrus ROV. WFS 2006 420 Mb/s
1991 TAT 9: Manahawkin, USA - Pennant Point, Canada - Goonhilly, England - St Hilaire de Riez, France - Conil, Spain STC 4410 km. - AT&T SSI - Alcatel (Submarcom) AT&T - BT - France Telecom - Telefonica - Teleglobe Vercors System 8910 km. Vercors laid 429 km of which 226 km was buried. 80,000 voice circuits. WFS January 2004 560 Mb/s
1992 TAT 10: Greenhill, USA - Norden, Germany - Terschelling - Alkmaar, Holland AT&T SSI - STC 169 + 155 km. AT&T - DTAG - KPN Global Link - Seaspread - Flexservice III System 7354 km. WFS Jul 2003 560 Mb/s - Germany - Holland 3 x 565 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France AT&T SSI - STC 5286 km. - ALCATEL AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Galatea System 12 km. UK shore end The whole cable was buried. WFS July 2003 560 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France See above AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Dock Express 20 System 153 km. US shelf. 144 km ploughed. 560 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France See above AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Flexservice III System 597 km. UK shelf. 194 km ploughed 560 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France See above AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Flexservice III System 535 km. French shelf. 223 km ploughed. 560 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France See above AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Flexservice III System 2736 km. Main lay 560 Mb/s
1993 TAT 11: Manasquan, New Jersey, USA - Oxwich Bay, Wales - St Hilaire de Riez, France See above AT&T - C&W - France Telecom Mercury System 3041 km. Main lay 560 Mb/s
1994 CANTAT 3: Nova Scotia, Canada - Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland - Tjornuvik, Faroes - Redcar, England - Blaabjerg, Denmark - Sylt, Germany ASN 7500 km. Teleglobe - Iceland Telecom - BT - Tele Danmark - DTAG ? System 7104 km. 3 x 2.5 Gb/s
1995-6 TAT 12/13: Rhode Island, USA - Porthcurno, England - Penmarch, France - Shirley, New York ASN 4160 km TAT 12 - 2173 km TAT 13 AT&T - BT - France Telecom Vercors - Nexus - Sovereign System 6321 km. TAT 12 Vercors laid 385 km of which 298 km was buried. TAT 13 Vercors laid 2183 km of which 128 km was buried 3 x 5 Gb/s
1997 FLAG (FEA): Porthcurno, England - Estepona, Spain - Palermo, Sicily Alexandia, Port Said, Suez, Egypt - Aqaba, Jordan - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - Fujairah, UAE - Mumbai, India - Penang, Malaysia - Satun - Songkhla, Ban Pak Para, Thailand - South Lantau, Hong Kong - Nanhui, China - Koeje, Korea - Miura, Ninomiya, Japan ASN 22000 km. - Ocean Cable Co: Hong Kong - China - Korea - Japan: India - UAE sections. NYNEX - Marubeni - Dallah-Al Baraka - Telecom Holding Co Flexservice III - Cable Innovator System USA - UK - France 14500 km. India - Japan 11500 2 x 5 Gb/s
1997 GEMINI NORTH: - Oxwich Bay, Wales - Charlestown, Rhode Island, USA ASN 12115 km Gemini SCSL Cable Venture - Cable Innovator - Agile System 12600 km. Landing points at either end are linked by landline or cable. WFS Jan 2005. 60 + 55 Gb/s SDH
1997 GEMINI SOUTH: Porthcurno, England - Manasquan, New Jersey, USA ASN 12115 km Gemini SCSL Cable Venture - Cable Innovator - Agile System 12600 km. Landing points at either end are linked by landline or cable. WFS Jan 2005. See HUGO and BUS-2 (2006) 60 + 55 Gb/s SDH
1998 AC 1(Atlantic Crossing 1): Brookhaven, USA - Whitesands Bay, England - Beverwijk, Holland - Westerland, Germany - Brookhaven, USA Tyco SSI Global Crossing ? System 14000 km. 4 x 10 Gb/s. Upgraded to 1 Tb/s
1999 COLUMBUS 3: Hollywood, Florida - Ponta Delgada, Azores - Lisbon, Portugal - Conil, Spain - Sicily, Italy ASN - TYCO - Pirelli Telecom Italia - Telefonica - Marconi - AT&T ? System 9900 km. 2 x 10 Gb/s
2000 Whitesands Bay, England - Ballygrangans, Ireland: Ballinesker, Ireland - Crooklets, England ? Global Crossing ? System 495 km. 2 x 40 Gb/s
2000 AC 2: Widemouth Bay, England - Bellport, USA ? Level 3 - Global Crossing ? System 6157 km. Initial 320 Gb/s. Upgraded to 640 Gb/s
2001 HIBERNIA ATLANTIC: (Formerly 360 Atlantic) Northern: Southport, England - Colraine, Ireland - Herring Cove, Halifax, Nova Scotia: Southern: Southport - Dublin, Ireland - Herring Cove - Lynn, Boston, USA Tyco SSI Hibernia Atlantic purchased the system in 2003 - Worldwide Fibre Inc. Vercors - Iberus - Nordic King - Teneo - Dock Express 20 - Global Mariner - Atlantida System 12,200 km. Commissioned in 2000 and in service April 2001. Vercors laid segment D3 3293 km 10.16 Tb/s
2001 TGN Atlantic: (Formerly VSNL Transatlantic, formerly TYCO Transatlantic). Avon, USA - Brean, England: Manasquan, USA - Saunton Sands, England Tyco SSI Tata Communications ? System 12935 km. Landings in UK and USA are linked. Renamed following the takeover of Tyco cables by VSNL. Again renamed after VSNL was merged with Tata Communications 2.56 Tb/s
2001 TAT 14: Tuckerton - Manasquan, USA - Blaabjerg, Denmark - Norden, Germany - Katwijk, Holland - St Valery en Caux, France - Pentewen - Widemouth Bay, England - Tuckerton, USA Ocean Cable Co (part) AT&T - BT - DTAG - KPN - France Telecom Cable Innovator - Cable Endeavour - Bold Endurance - Wave Sentinel - Subaru - Maersk Recorder - Maersk Forwarder - Sir Eric Sharp - Agile - Teliri - Fresnel - Vercors System 15428 km. Fresnel laid segments K3 and L 2855 km, of which 324 km was buried. Vercors laid segment G2 3355 km. Subaru laid 5414 km. 1.87 Tb/s
2001 FA 1: Northport, USA - Porthcurno, England - Plerin, France - Island Park, USA ASN 12570 km Reliance Globalcom Fresnel System 14500 km. Includes land based networks. Fresnel laid LAY 1, 550 km of which 20 km was buried. Reliance Infocomm bought the whole FLAG network for $211 million in 2004 4.6875 Tb/s
2003 APOLLO:Widemouth Bay, Bude, England - Brookhaven, USA: Lannion, France - Manasquan, USA ASN C&W - Alcatel - Apollo SCS Ltd Ile de Batz - Ile de Brehat - Ile de Sein - Skandi Neptune System North route 6200 km., 160 repeaters, 35 equalisers. South route 6530 km., 175 repeaters, 35 equalisers. Skandi Neptune laid the European shelf section on the North route 847 km. Ile de Brehat 4400 km main lay on the North route. Ile de Sein European section on the South route 1912 km. The remainder was laid by Ile de Batz 10 Gb/s per fiber pair, 4 pairs per leg, 80 wavelengths per pair, ultimate capacity 3.2Tb/s per leg
2012 Project Express: Somerset, England - Halifax, Canada Cable installation by Huawei Marine Networks Hibernia Atlantic   Due for completion Summer 2012. At Halifax the cable will link with Hibernia's Halifax - New York cable. Additional branching units are being installed in the cable to allow for future connections to other countries  

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